- Scientific
Revolution

Kneller, Sir Isaac Newton (1689)

Copernican  Model of Universe (1543)

Galileo, Painting of the Moon
(1612)

Hooke's Flea from Micrographia (1664)

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
An overview of van Leeuwenhoek's life and work with a link to a similar page on Robert Hooke.

Key Questions

• Explain the divergent paths of religion and science in the early 17th century.
• How did the scientific revolution contribute to man's quest to understand the natural world?
• How did the scientific revolution naturally contribute to the emergence of the Enlightenment?
• Understanding the context of the time, why were the theories of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler
  and Newton so threatening to the Roman Catholic Church?

Scientific Revolution Political, Social, Economic, Intellectual, Religious

Scientific Revolution Art:

Scientific Revolution Literature:

Scientific Revolution Music:

Primary Sources:

Primary Sources:

Primary Sources:

Primary Sources:

• Copernicus,  The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, The Copernican Model of the Universe (1543); Brahe's System
• Galileo, The Starry Messenger (1610); Letter to the Duchess Christina of Tuscany, (1615)  (at Hanover); Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632); Considerations on the Copernican Opinion  (1615);   Opposition to Galileo;  The Catholic Church's View Today (St. Andrews Site); Galileo's Experiments (NOVA)
  
• Bacon: Preface to the Novum Organum; (Studymore discussion);   Mosaic excerpt ; from Proemium; A Natural History for the Building of Philosophy (1607) 
• Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (1626)
• Descartes, "I Think, Therefore I Am" from  Discourse on Method (1637) (St. Andrews Site)
• Milton, “Areopagita” (1644)
• Huygens, from Cosmotheoros (1698)
• Newton, Principles; God's Universe from Principia Mathematica, (1687); Optics
  (brief extracts.) Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1712) (St. Andrews Site)
• Pascal, from Pensées; more (St. Andrews Site)
• Fermat's Obituary: Journal des Sçavans obituary
  

• Locke on "Tabula rasa": Selection from Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689);  Some Thoughts Concerning Education

• Sir Isaac Newton,  Kneller Portrait  1689
• Galileo Painting of the Moon 1612
• Hooke's Flea from Micrographia (1664)
•  "Frederick the Great and Voltaire." Ca. 1750
• Wright, from An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe (1750);  A Philosopher Giving That Lecture on the Orrery, in Which a Lamp Is Put in Place of the Sun (1766)
• Galileo
  Science in the Renaissance
  Art and Science in the Renaissance
  

• Shakespeare, Act One, scene one of Hamlet (1601)
• Marlowe from Act One of Dr. Faustus (1604)
• Donne, The First Anniversary. An Anatomy of the World. (1611)
• Cavendish, "A World in an Eare-Ring" (1653)
• Poetry from the Thirty Years War
  
• from The Diary of Samuel Pepys (1664)
• The Diary of Samuel Pepys  (1660-1669)
• Moliere, Tartuffe (1669)
  
• The First English Coffeehouses (1673)
• Fontenelle, from Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)
• Addison,  from The Spectator #420, "the Authors of the new Philosophy";  #465 The Spacious Firmament (The Spectator on line) (1710) (MORE)
• From Chapbook : "The World Turned Upside Down, or The Folly of Man." (1700)
• Sterne, from A Dream (1750)

• Mozart, Minuet and Trio in G (1762; age six)
• Hayden, String Quartet Op.33, No.2 (The Joke) Presto (Fourth Movement) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (1781)
• Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 17 in G major, K. 453 (allegro) (andante) (allegretto) (1784)
Mozart, Symphony #40 in G Minor, K. 550 (1788) 1st Movement: Allegro, Sonata 2nd Movement: Andante: Theme and Variations; 3^rd Movement: Minuet and Trio; 4^th Movement: Presto (Sonata) (Score)

• Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro (1788) Overture; Figaro: Se vuol ballare aria ; The Countess: Porgi amor qualche ristoro;
• Mozart, Don Giovanni; Act 1, scene 5: A chi mi dice mai Madamina! Il catalogo e questo 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (1787); Madamina, il catalogo e questo; Finch han dal vino; Dalla sua pace; Deh, vieni alla finestra; Vedrai, carino; Crudele? Non mi dir
Hayden, Drum Roll Symphony #103 London (1795)  1st Movement (Sonata Form)

Diagram of Boyle's air pump

Wright., A Philosopher Giving That Lecture on the Orrery, in Which a Lamp Is Put in Place of the Sun (1766)

Robert Hooke, Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society, studied organisms under this microscope

Kepler's Laws of Motion (1609)

Illustration of a fly's eye. From Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665).

Scientific Revolution Political, Social, Economic, Intellectual, Religious:

 Scientific Revolution Art:

 Scientific Revolution Literature:

 Scientific Revolution Music:

Secondary Sources:

Secondary Sources:

Secondary Sources:

Secondary Sources:

• McMullen, “The origin of Descartes’ mechanical philosophy” 
• Mosaic Resources on the Scientific Revolution
• European During an Era of Changing World Views
  
• Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
• Dear, Revolutionizing Science (Mosaic)
• No Revolution (Mosaic)
• The Early Seventeenth Century (1603-1660) (Norton); The Plurality of Worlds (Norton)
• Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Norton)
• 262 Light, Experience, and the rise of 17th century science
• Blanning, The Reinvention of Night (2011) on the impact of streetlighting in 17th c. Europe
  
• Harris, The Future of Tradition  (2004)
• Occam’s Razor
• 1292 Alchemy and modern science: how much magic should we accept?
• 1938 Three M-names help us to understand air: Meeting the Zeitgiest

• 2420 Georg Rheticus, Copernicus' only student and his prophet
• 241 Giordano Bruno and the radicalization of Copernicus

• Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
• Aiton, How Kepler Discovered the Elliptical Orbit. 
• 2611 Early science fiction: Kepler’s Somnium

• 1637 In which science and magic struggle to become separate pursuits
• 1542 In which Francis Bacon pushes a strict Aristotelian Agenda

• 2434 Understanding the Relationship Between Physics and Metaphysics
• 2222 Jeremiah Horrocks, the 23-year-old "Father of English Astronomy"
• 1537 John Wilkins talks about life on the Moon, in 1638

• David L. Butts, Galileo and the Telescope:  Naturalistic Representations in Visual Astronomy (Williams) 
• The Partnership of Art and Science: The Moon of Cigoli and Galileo
  
• The Trial of Galileo (1633)
• Galileo's Battle for the Heavens (PBS)
  
• The Crime of Galileo
• The Galileo Project (Rice)
  
• 266 Galileo roughs upon the Aristotelian moon
• 1553 Galileo, Torricelli, von Guericke, and the idea of a vacuum
• 1603 Galileo: An old man grieves his daughter and writes his last book
• 1898 What happened after Galileo? Pierre Gassendi happened!
• 2267 Thomas Harriot, England's Galileo
• On Line Physics Aplets

• 1543 Archimedes' pump, rediscovered by Ceredi, heralds the new science
• 1300 Daniel Fahrenheit invents the thermometer and its scale
• 613 William Gilbert and de Magnetica
• 682 In which Ole Roemer learns the speed of light in 1675
• 1359 The Windmill: A device that has come, gone, and which may come again
• 2213 Henri Pitot, his tube, and the Pont du Gard
• 1329 16th Century scientist, Christiaan Huygens, looks for alien life
• 549 Anton Leeuwenhoek -- a lesson in simplicity and honesty
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek, from a journal [The Eye of a Fly]

• Galileo and the Art of Renaissance Science (Smarthistory) 

• Dauben, The Art of Renaissance Science
  
• The Interaction of Artists and Scientists in the Renaissance (Smarthistory)
• The Regency Fashion Page Cathy Decker's site includes hundreds of images illustrating Regency fashion.

• Boyd-Brent, Harmony and Proportion: Plato, Pythagoras, Alberti, and Palladio 
• 1772 Vermeer and the camera obscura: waiting for film
• 1567 Christopher Wren: a great architect first learns medicine
• William Hogarth and 18th-Century Print Culture This site accompanies an exhibition hosted by The Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University.
• The Regency Fashion Page Cathy Decker's site includes hundreds of images illustrating Regency fashion.

• 2434 Understanding the Relationship Between Physics and Metaphysics
• 2290 The Platonic "regular" solids: mathematics and divinty

• 354 Thomas Burnet and the scale of geological time

• 1294 The clock as preparation for modern science
• 1307 Pendulum clock escapement: science and technology merging

• Keynes, Newton, The Man (1946)
• Newton the Arian
• Cohen, "Newton in the Light of Recent Scholarship"
• Sir Issac Newton (Luminarium)
• 606 Did Newton really see an apple fall?
• 967 Isaac Newton: public scientist and secret alchemist
• 1751 Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, and science in transition
• 1375 Leibniz, Newton, and the great calculus dispute

• 350 Robert Boyle, and his laboratory assistants: Hooke and Papin

• 325 Andreas Vesalius, renaissance artists, and experimental anatomy
• 336 William Harvey, the doctor who unraveled blood flow
• 1992 Harvey and Willis at Oxford during the English Civil War
• 358 Giovanni Battista Morgagni: Father of anatomical pathology
• 1586 Topsell's history of four-footed beasts and serpents

• 1318 Three-field crop rotation and the origins of Western technology
• review of Potato: A History of the Propitious Esculent (2011)

• Ideas for Essays on the Scientific Revolution (Norton)
• Eighteenth-Century Resources
  This collection, gathered by Professor Jack Lynch at Rutgers University, "includes information on literature, history, art, music, religion, economics, philosophy, and so on, from around the world, as well as the home pages of societies and people who work on eighteenth-century topics."
• Modern English Sourcebook: The First English Coffeehouses
  Professor Paul Halsall (Fordham University) has posted a "highly spiced" condemnation of coffeehouses from a 1673 pamphlet entitled "The Character of a Coffee-House."
• Rosen, Return to Paradise: The enduring relevance of John Milton. (New Yorker) 2008
  
• The Joseph Addison Page
• 1983 Inventing the newspaper in seventeenth-century England
• 1453 Christiaan and Constantijn Huygens, and John Donne

• The Classical Period from Music History 102 (IPL)
• Skyscript: Kepler and the Music of the Spheres

 Scientific Revolution Political, Social, Economic, Intellectual, Religious

 Scientific Revolution Art:

  Scientific Revolution Literature:

 Scientific Revolution Music:

Lesson Plans and Presentations:

Lesson Plans and Presentations:

Lesson Plans and Presentations:

Lesson Plans and Presentations:

• Julius. Sci Rev & Enlightenment Lecture 2004
• Carey Perry Reading Assignment on the Scientific Revolution
• Revolution in Scientific Thought: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton