One of the blessings of the advent of European powers in Africa was the suppression of slavery and the slave-trade) The gigantic wave of humanitarianism that was sweeping across the whole continent of Europe coincided with European expansion to Africa. The abolition of slavery in Africa was one of the practical expressions of this European humanitarianism...

With the passing away of slavery, slaves were accorded new human status. Let it be noted in passing that the general outlook of a slave on life is different from that of a free man. Eh, potential capacities are crippled, stunted, and pushed into the background The emancipation of slaves therefore opened a new world to thousands upon thousands of African slaves; hence, it can rightly be said that European colonial powers, by dealing slavery a deathblow, set the whole continent of Africa on a new venture of freedom and human dignity....

The advent of European powers in Africa not only saw slavery coming to an end, but also the terrible tribal wars- What are now the Republic of South Africa, Rhodesia, Nigeria, Ghana, Portuguese, and French-speaking Africa were torn with countless tribal wars so that the chief occupation of most able-bodied African men was that of raiding other tribes. Europe itself was of course a war-torn, wars cursed country. But the European power, whose weapons were superior to those of the Africans, were able to impose peace on the African people, and this was to the general good of the peoples of Africa. Something more creative took the place of destructive tribal wars. It is obvious, however, that with the European dictator of peace at the top, the African soon gained peace and good order but lost the control of his country. The European powers, although they had failed to keep peace in Europe, were soon regarded by most native tribes as 'peace-makers', hearers of 'deeds of humanity', and 'bringers of enlightenment'. Inked, it has been rightly asserted by both Africans and Europeans that the European occupation of Africa, although it deprived people of their independence, helped to direct the minds and activities of the native peoples away front destructive to constructive programmes of action.

... The reader should note these four things, among others, that the coming of the European power, brought to Africa: the coming together of different tribes; better communications; a new economic system; and the creation of new classes among the African people....

With the coming of mines, owns, and cities the different tribes of Africa found themselves thrown together. Tribesmen who had never had anything o do with one another, found themselves living together in one area, working side by side with one another, and the need o get along with one another became imperative- For instance, in the Johannesburg gold-mines members of tribes from the whole of South and Central Africa, and even Last Africa, are to be found in large numbers... Eventually the African regarded himself nor so much as a tribesman; but as a worker. A common language, a kind of lingua franca, soon developed, and thus communication was facilitated among members of different tribes. Down in the mine in the factories, in the police force, in domestic service, on the farm, in the store, hospital, clinic, and a host of other Europeans introduced institutions and occupations, no tribal barriers existed or were encouraged People just mixed freely. Tribalism among urbanized Africans was on its way out....

With the construction of good roads, bridges, and railroads, and with the introduction of motor-cars, lorries, buses, trains, and aeroplanes, the African people have become highly mobile. Mobility of the population has greatly accelerated the exchange of ideas. The dissemination of all kinds of information has been unprecedented in African history. Even illiterate people are now better educated and better trained than ever before Radio and, more recently, television have revolutionized African outlooks. Different parts of Africa and, indeed, the world, have now been brought to the very doors of the radio-owning African. With the rise of literacy African populations have be-come a viral reading public and the press has appeared Africans read not only their own thoughts but those of others separated by vast stretches of water. What happens in Europe, Asia, America, and Australasia has become of real interest to the African people.

It is seen, then, that colonialism has created a radio-audience and a television-audience. It has created a reading public. It has created a press-writing and reading public. It has created a traveling-public by land, sea, and air. All these four kinds of African public are still growing every year. The tendency has been the creation of a comparatively well-informed and enlightened African public, and a focusing of the world's problems on the public consciousness of the African people. The African public that existed before the introduction of the radio, the press, the train, and the motor-car was highly localized. Particularism is now in many places giving way to universalism. Colonialism gave birth to a new brand of African, a non-tribal African: in short, a national African.. .

The last of the four points raised is the new social and economic stratification of the African peoples. New armies of African bakers,butchers, cobblers, talon, storekeepers, clerks, mechanics, builders, carpenters, and a chain of others have made their appearance on the scene, and they are changing the whole African social pattern. In relation o industry and commerce, the African acquired class consciousness as a worker. He wanted his voice to be heard in industry and commerce. The birth of African trade unions was really that of the new African who believed in economic justice and who was prepared o fight lawfully to achieve this end. European trade unionism has been transferred o the African scene... .

It has been seen that colonialism gave to Africa a new vigorous industrial pattern, a new social and industrial consciousness, a new way of organizing and doing things, new skills, new insights, new dreams and visions. It created a new climate, a new environment. It annihilated many tribal, linguistic, ethnic barriers and divisions. It was largely responsible for the unification of African tribes, where previously tribal divisions had made for weakness rather than for strength. t brought Africa into, international light, and this was very helpful if Africa was to keep pace with the rest of the world. Since colonialism fertilized, stimulated, invigorated, and shaped African nationalism, it is understandable when African observers say, The twentieth-century African national-ism is indeed the child of European colonial-ism be it within or outside wedlock.' .

White supremacy produced two groups of people in Africa—the dominator and the dominated. t divided Africa into two hostile amps.... The white people were conscious that they ruled as a white group. and the African people also became conscious that they were ruled as an African group. They suffered as a racial group... .

The overall European policy in Africa may be summed up in these two words—white supremacy, and this is what the African means when he says. 'White people, from Cape o Cairo, are the same. That is, they have a mania to rule Africa This European policy was a great challenge o Africa, and since it is the
nature of human existence to respond to challenge, the African peoples, despite their great geographical, linguistic, and ethnic differences, were united by this challenge. So long as the challenge remained, the African continued o respond positively and persistently by every conceivable means to over-throw white domination.

An examination of the ingredients that make up African nationalism may be enumerated as the African's desire to participate fully in the central government of the country; his desire for economic justice that recognizes fully the principle of `equal pay for equal work' regardless of the skin colour; his desire to have, full political rights in his own country; his dislike of being treated as a stranger in the land of his birth; his dislike of being neared as means for the white man's end; and his dislike of the lows of the country that prescribed for him a permanent position of inferiority as a human being. It was this exclusive policy of white supremacy that brought to the fore the African's 'consciousness of kind.